ICAT-EGVE2017

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https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/2631902

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360° versus 3D Environments in VR Headsets for an Exploration Task
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Boukhris, Mehdi; Paljic, Alexis; Lafon-Pham, Dominique; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
For entertainment, pedagogical or cultural purposes, there is a need for fast and easy setup of virtual environments that represent real ones. The use of 360° video in Virtual Reality Headsets seems like a powerful tool for producing fun and engaging content in a fast manner. This applies even more when we need to set up realistic views of actual environments. However, in terms of user experience in virtual reality headsets, can 360° shots of a real environment be an interesting alternative to a full 3D model? In this work, we have conducted a user study during a film festival comparing the reaction of a wide public to two versions of a Virtual Reality cultural heritage visit of a Paleolithic cave, the "Grotte de Commarque" located in the south of France. The first version is a full 3D textured model of the cave, the second is a series of 360° pictures, presented in a VR Headset. We have set up a scenario of observation and exploration. The users were able to navigate with the same teleportation metaphor in both conditions. We focused on evaluating the sense of presence during the visit. We have also sought for trends in perceived fun, sickness and easiness of navigation. Our results suggest that the full 3D environment is where the participants feel more present. However, the difference in rating the measures between the two conditions were not strongly marked. Moreover, a relevant result that we retain is that this rating is correlated to the degree of familiarity of the user with virtual reality.
3D Reconstruction of Hand Postures by Measuring Skin Deformation on Back Hand
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Kuno, Wakaba; Sugiura, Yuta; Asano, Nao; Kawai, Wataru; Sugimoto, Maki; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
In this research, we propose a method for reconstructing hand posture by measuring the deformation of the back of the hand with a wearable device. The deformation of skin on the back of the hand can be measured by using several photo-reflective sensors attached to a wearable device. In the learning phase, our method constructs a regression model by using the data on hand posture captured by a depth camera and data on the skin deformation of the back of the hand captured by several photoreflective sensors. In the estimation phase, by using this regression model, the posture of the hand is reconstructed from the data of the photo-reflective sensors in real-time. The posture of fingers can be estimated without hindering the natural movement of the fingers since the deformation of the back of the hand is measured without directly measuring the position of the fingers. This method can be used by users to manipulate information in a virtual environment with their fingers. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the accuracy of reconstructing hand posture with the proposed system.
Asymmetric Bimanual Interaction for Mobile Virtual Reality
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Bai, Huidong; Nassani, Alaeddin; Ens, Barrett; Billinghurst, Mark; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
In this paper, we explore asymmetric bimanual interaction with mobile Virtual Reality (VR). We have developed a novel two handed interface for mobile VR which uses a 6 degree of freedom (DoF) controller input for the dominant hand and full-hand gesture input for the non-dominant hand. We evaluated our method in a pilot study by comparing it to three other asymmetric bimanual interfaces (1) 3D controller and 2D touch-pad, (2) 3D gesture and 2D controller, and (3) 3D gesture and 2D touchpad in a VR translation and rotation task.We observed that using our position aware handheld controller with gesture input provided an easy and natural experience.
Collaborative View Configurations for Multi-user Interaction with a Wall-size Display
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Kim, Hyungon; Kim, Yeongmi; Lee, Gun A.; Billinghurst, Mark; Bartneck, Christoph; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
This paper explores the effects of different collaborative view configuration on face-to-face collaboration using a wall-size display and the relationship between view configuration and multi-user interaction. Three different view configurations (shared view, split screen, and split screen with navigation information) for multi-user collaboration with a wall-size display were introduced and evaluated in a user study. From the experiment results, several insights for designing a virtual environment with a wall-size display were discussed. The shared view configuration does not disturb collaboration despite control conflict and can provide an effective collaboration. The split screen view configuration can provide independent collaboration while it can take users' attention. The navigation information can reduce the interaction required for the navigational task while an overall interaction performance may not increase.
The Effect of User Embodiment in AV Cinematic Experience
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Chen, Joshua; Lee, Gun A.; Billinghurst, Mark; Lindeman, Robert W.; Bartneck, Christoph; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Virtual Reality (VR) is becoming a popular medium for viewing immersive cinematic experiences using 360° panoramic movies and head mounted displays. There are previous research on user embodiment in real-time rendered VR, but not in relation to cinematic VR based on 360° panoramic video. In this paper we explore the effects of introducing the user's real body into cinematic VR experiences. We conducted a study evaluating how the type of movie and user embodiment affects the sense of presence and user engagement. We found that when participants were able to see their own body in the VR movie, there was significant increase in the sense of Presence, yet user engagement was not significantly affected. We discuss on the implications of the results and how it can be expanded in the future.
Effects of Personalized Avatar Texture Fidelity on Identity Recognition in Virtual Reality
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Thomas, Jerald; Azmandian, Mahdi; Grunwald, Sonia; Le, Donna; Krum, David; Kang, Sin-Hwa; Rosenberg, Evan Suma; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Recent advances in 3D scanning, reconstruction, and animation techniques have made it possible to rapidly create photorealistic avatars based on real people. While it is now possible to create personalized avatars automatically with consumer-level technology, their visual fidelity still falls far short of 3D avatars created with professional cameras and manual artist effort. To evaluate the importance of investing resources in the creation of high-quality personalized avatars, we conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of varying their visual texture fidelity, specifically focusing on identity recognition of specific individuals. We designed two virtual reality experimental scenarios: (1) selecting a specific avatar from a virtual lineup and (2) searching for an avatar in a virtual crowd. Our results showed that visual fidelity had a significant impact on participants' abilities to identify specific avatars from a lineup wearing a head-mounted display. We also investigated gender effects for both the participants and the confederates from which the avatars were created.
Enjoyment, Immersion, and Attentional Focus in a Virtual Reality Exergame with Differing Visual Environments
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Abernathy, Michael; Shaw, Lindsay A.; Lutteroth, Christof; Buckley, Jude; Corballis, Paul M.; Wünsche, Burkhard C.; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Virtual reality exergames provide a compelling distraction from the possible discomfort and negative perception of exercise by immersing users in three dimensional virtual worlds. Prior studies have looked at the effects of immersion in exergames, from the technologies used, to gameplay elements, to sensory stimulation. This study examines the level of immersion and distraction caused by various visual environments, including urban, rural, and desert landscapes, and the effects on users' performance, enjoyment, and motivation. The environments were found to have little effect on the user. It appears that the core gameplay elements have a far greater effect, being essential for the immersion a user experiences.
Ethical Considerations for the Use of Virtual Reality: An Evaluation of Practices in Academia and Industry
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Luro, Francisco Lopez; Prada, Diego Navarro; Sundstedt, Veronica; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
The following article offers a set of recommendations that are considered relevant for designing and executing experiences with Virtual Reality (VR) technology. It presents a brief review of the history and evolution of VR, along with the physiological issues related to its use. Additionally, typical practices in VR, used by both academia and industry are discussed and contrasted. These were further analysed from an ethical perspective, guided by legal and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) frameworks, to understand their motivation and goals, and the rights and responsibilities related to the exposure of research participants and final consumers to VR. Our results showed that there is a significant disparity between practices in academia and industry, and for industry specifically, there can be breaches of user protection regulations and poor ethical practices. The differences found are mainly in regards to the type of content presented, the overall setup of VR experiences, and the amount of information provided to participants or consumers respectively. To contribute to this issue, this study highlights some ethical aspects and also offers practical considerations that aim, not only to have more appropriate practices with VR in public spaces but also to motivate a discussion and reflection to ease the adoption of this technology in the consumer market.
Evaluating and Comparing Game-controller based Virtual Locomotion Techniques
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Sarupuri, Bhuvaneswari; Hoermann, Simon; Whitton, Mary C.; Lindeman, Robert W.; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
The incremental hardware costs of virtual locomotion are minimized when the technique uses interaction capabilities available in controllers and devices that are already part of the VE system, e.g., gamepads, keyboards, and multi-function controllers. We used a different locomotion technique for each of these three devices: gamepad thumb-stick (joystick walking), a customized hybrid keyboard for gaming (speedpad walking), and an innovative technique that uses the orientation and triggers of the HTC Vive controllers (TriggerWalking). We explored the efficacy of locomotion techniques using these three devices in a hide and seek task in an indoor environment. We measured task performance, simulator sickness, system usability, perceived workload, and preference. We found that users had a strong preference for TriggerWalking, which also had the least increase in simulator sickness, the highest performance score, and highest perceived usability. However, participants using TriggerWalking also had the most object and wall-collisions. Overall we found that TriggerWalking is an effective locomotion technique and that is has significant and important benefits. Future research will explore if TriggerWalking can be used with equal benefits in other virtual-environments, on different tasks, and types of movement.
Exploring Pupil Dilation in Emotional Virtual Reality Environments
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Chen, Hao; Dey, Arindam; Billinghurst, Mark; Lindeman, Robert W.; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Previous investigations have shown that pupil dilation can be affected by emotive pictures, audio clips, and videos. In this paper, we explore how emotive Virtual Reality (VR) content can also cause pupil dilation. VR has been shown to be able to evoke negative and positive arousal in users when they are immersed in different virtual scenes. In our research, VR scenes were used as emotional triggers. Five emotional VR scenes were designed in our study and each scene had five emotion segments; happiness, fear, anxiety, sadness, and disgust. When participants experienced the VR scenes, their pupil dilation and the brightness in the headset were captured. We found that both the negative and positive emotion segments produced pupil dilation in the VR environments. We also explored the effect of showing heart beat cues to the users, and if this could cause difference in pupil dilation. In our study, three different heart beat cues were shown to users using a combination of three channels; haptic, audio, and visual. The results showed that the haptic-visual cue caused the most significant pupil dilation change from the baseline.
Fast and Accurate Simulation of Gravitational Field of Irregular-shaped Bodies using Polydisperse Sphere Packings
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Srinivas, Abhishek; Weller, Rene; Zachmann, Gabriel; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Currently, interest in space missions to small bodies (e.g., asteroids) is increasing, both scientifically and commercially. One of the important aspects of these missions is to test the navigation, guidance, and control algorithms. The most cost and time efficient way to do this is to simulate the missions in virtual testbeds. To do so, a physically-based simulation of the small bodies' physical properties is essential. One of the most important physical properties, especially for landing operations, is the gravitational field, which can be quite irregular, depending on the shape and mass distribution of the body. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to simulate gravitational fields for small bodies like asteroids. The main idea is to represent the small body's mass by a polydisperse sphere packing. This allows for an easy and efficient parallelization. Our GPU-based implementation outperforms traditional methods by more than two orders of magnitude while achieving a similar accuracy.
Improving Collaboration in Augmented Video Conference using Mutually Shared Gaze
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Lee, Gun A.; Kim, Seungwon; Lee, Youngho; Dey, Arindam; Piumsomboon, Thammathip; Norman, Mitchell; Billinghurst, Mark; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
To improve remote collaboration in video conferencing systems, researchers have been investigating augmenting visual cues onto a shared live video stream. In such systems, a person wearing a head-mounted display (HMD) and camera can share her view of the surrounding real-world with a remote collaborator to receive assistance on a real-world task. While this concept of augmented video conferencing (AVC) has been actively investigated, there has been little research on how sharing gaze cues might affect the collaboration in video conferencing. This paper investigates how sharing gaze in both directions between a local worker and remote helper in an AVC system affects the collaboration and communication. Using a prototype AVC system that shares the eye gaze of both users, we conducted a user study that compares four conditions with different combinations of eye gaze sharing between the two users. The results showed that sharing each other's gaze significantly improved collaboration and communication.
Moving Towards Consistent Depth Perception in Stereoscopic Projection-based Augmented Reality
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Schmidt, Susanne; Bruder, Gerd; Steinicke, Frank; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Stereoscopic projection-based augmented reality (AR) is a promising technology for creating an effective illusion of virtual and real objects coexisting within the same space. By using projection technology, two-dimensional (2D) textures as well as three-dimensional (3D) virtual objects can be displayed on arbitrary physical objects. However, depending on the geometry of the projection surface, even a single virtual object could be projected with varying depths, orientations, and forms. For these reasons, it is an open question whether or not a geometrically-correct projection leads to a consistent depth perception of the AR environment. We performed an experiment to analyze how humans perceive depths of objects that are stereoscopically projected at different surfaces in a projection-based AR environment. In a perceptual matching task the participants had to adjust the depth of one of two visual stimuli, which were displayed at different depths with varying parallaxes, until they estimated the depths of both stimuli to match. The results indicate that the effect of parallax on the estimation of matching depths significantly depends on the participant's experience with stereoscopic display. Regular users were able to match the depths of both stimuli with a mean absolute error of less than one centimeter, whereas less experienced users made errors in the range of more than 2cm on average. We performed a confirmatory study to verify our findings with more ecologically valid projection-based AR stimuli.
A Mutual Motion Capture System for Face-to-face Collaboration
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Nakamura, Atsuyuki; Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi; Ratsamee, Photchara; Mashita, Tomohiro; Uranishi, Yuki; Takemura, Haruo; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
In recent years, motion capture technology to measure the movement of the body has been used in many fields. Moreover, motion capture targeting multiple people is becoming necessary in multi-user virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) environments. It is desirable that motion capture requires no wearable devices to capture natural motion easily. Some systems require no wearable devices using an RGB-D camera fixed in the environment, but the user has to stay in front of the fixed the RGB-D camera. Therefore, in this research, proposed is a motion capture technique for a multi-user VR / AR environment using head mounted displays (HMDs), that does not limit the working range of the user nor require any wearable devices. In the proposed technique, an RGB-D camera is attached to each HMD and motion capture is carried out mutually. The motion capture accuracy is improved by modifying the depth image. A prototype system has been implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method and motion capture accuracy has been compared with two conditions, with and without depth information correction while rotating the RGB-D camera. As a result, it was confirmed that the proposed method could decrease the number of frames with erroneous motion capture by 49% to 100% in comparison with the case without depth image conversion.
Real-time Visual Representations for Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Gao, Lei; Bai, Huidong; Piumsomboon, Thammathip; Lee, Gun A.; Lindeman, Robert W.; Billinghurst, Mark; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
We present a prototype Mixed Reality (MR) system with a hybrid interface to support remote collaboration between a local worker and a remote expert in a large-scale work space. By combining a low-resolution 3D point-cloud of the environment surrounding the local worker with a high-resolution real-time view of small focused details, the remote expert can see a virtual copy of the local workspace with an independent viewpoint control. Meanwhile, the export can also check the current actions of the local worker through a real-time feedback view. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the usability of our system by comparing the performance of three different interface designs (showing the real-time view in forms of 2D first-person view, a 2D third-person view and a 3D point cloud view). We found no difference in average task performance time between the three interfaces, but there was a difference in user preference.
Reference Framework on vSRT-method Benchmarking for MAR
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Ichikari, Ryosuke; Kurata, Takeshi; Makita, Koji; Taketomi, Takafumi; Uchiyama, Hideaki; Kondo, Tomotsugu; Mori, Shohei; Shibata, Fumihisa; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
This paper presents a reference framework on benchmarking of vision-based spatial registration and tracking (vSRT) methods for Mixed and Augmented Reality (MAR). This framework can provide typical benchmarking processes, benchmark indicators, and trial set elements that are necessary to successfully identify, define, design, select, and apply benchmarking of vSRT methods for MAR. In addition, we summarize findings from benchmarking activities for sharing how to organize and conduct on-site and off-site competition.
Sharing Gaze for Remote Instruction
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Barathan, Sathya; Lee, Gun A.; Billinghurst, Mark; Lindeman, Robert W.; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
In this paper, we report on how sharing gaze cues can assist remote instruction. A person wearing a head-mounted display and camera can share his or her view with a remote collaborator and get assistance on completing a real-world task. This configuration has been extensively studied in the past, but there has been little research on how the addition of sharing gaze cues might affect the collaboration. This paper reports on a user study exploring how sharing the gaze of a remote expert affects the quality of collaboration over a head-worn video conferencing link. The results showed that the users performed faster when the local workers were aware of their remote collaborator's gaze, and the remote experts were in favour of shared gaze cues because of the ease-of-use and improved communication.
Tour de Tune - Auditory-game-motor Synchronisation in Exergames
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Finlayson, Jenna; Peterson, Jamie; Free, Joshua; Lo, Michael; Shaw, Lindsay A.; Lutteroth, Christof; Wünsche, Burkhard C.; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
Exergaming has been heralded as a promising approach to increase physical activity in hard-to-reach populations such as sedentary young adults. By combining physical activity with entertainment, researchers and developers hope that the excitement and immersion provided by a computer game will result in increased motivation and dissociation from the discomfort of physical exercise. A different approach to improve physical activity is the use of music. Music, in particular if synchronised with the rhythm of exercise, has been shown to increase performance and decrease the amount of perceived effort for the same performance. So far little research has been done on the combined effect of music and gameplay in exergaming. In this paper we investigate the effect of game-music synchronisation for an immersive exergame. We present a simple yet effective music analysis algorithm, and a novel exergame enabling synchronisation of gameplay with the music's intensity. Our results indicate that our exergame significantly increases enjoyment and motivation compared to music alone. It slightly increases performance, but also increases perceived effort. We did not find any significant differences between gameplay synchronised and not synchronised with the music. Our results confirm the positive effects of music while exercising, but suggest that gameplay might have a bigger effect on exergame effectiveness, and more research on the interaction between gameplay and music needs to be done.
Towards Precise, Fast and Comfortable Immersive Polygon Mesh Modelling: Capitalising the Results of Past Research and Analysing the Needs of Professionals
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Ladwig, Philipp; Herder, Jens; Geiger, Christian; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
More than three decades of ongoing research in immersive modelling has revealed many advantages of creating objects in virtual environments. Even though there are many benefits, the potential of immersive modelling has only been partly exploited due to unresolved problems such as ergonomic problems, numerous challenges with user interaction and the inability to perform exact, fast and progressive refinements. This paper explores past research, shows alternative approaches and proposes novel interaction tools for pending problems. An immersive modelling application for polygon meshes is created from scratch and tested by professional users of desktop modelling tools, such as Autodesk Maya, in order to assess the efficiency, comfort and speed of the proposed application with direct comparison to professional desktop modelling tools.
User Interface Agents for Guiding Interaction with Augmented Virtual Mirrors
(The Eurographics Association, 2017) Lee, Gun A.; Rudhru, Omprakash; Park, Hye Sun; Kim, Ho Won; Billinghurst, Mark; Robert W. Lindeman and Gerd Bruder and Daisuke Iwai
This research investigates using user interface (UI) agents for guiding gesture based interaction with Augmented Virtual Mirrors. Compared to prior work in gesture interaction, where graphical symbols are used for guiding user interaction, we propose using UI agents. We explore two approaches for using UI agents: 1) using a UI agent as a delayed cursor and 2) using a UI agent as an interactive button. We conducted two user studies to evaluate the proposed designs. The results from the user studies show that UI agents are effective for guiding user interactions in a similar way as a traditional graphical user interface providing visual cues, while they are useful in emotionally engaging with users.

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