DH2013 - Digital Heritage International Congress 2013

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(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Alrawi, Osama; -
Architectural identity, as an evolutionary chain of creative tradition, can only be sustained and revived from within, starting with a strengthening of these very internal processes and not by imposing external forms. Usually talking about architectural heritage it is just about the one preserved for touristic events. To overcome this shortage we are going to deal with depends on knowledge or expertise and also on effective application of requisite processing operations to relevant knowledge. The prototyping, testing, evaluation and evolution all use the formidable power of the computer, but the initial spark come from human creativity. The aim of this paper is to resolve the missing integrative vision of culture as a phenomena concept within the existing ontologies. One common criticism of visualization research is that it presents techniques that are technically interesting but that do not provide solutions to real problems. This is a classic problem in research tool and system designs, where technologists have a vision, based on what is computationally possible, but lack an understanding of what is really needed to solve the problems of their generative systems to become a source of inspiration for architectural design process. The new relations between digital form and digital processes are contributing today to the emergence of new conceptual vocabulary, and domain knowledge. Ontologies are known as artifacts designed to model domains of knowledge in a machine understandable manner. In order to exploit machine power in historical data processing it would be necessary to achieve machine interpretable knowledge which is tied with knowledge representation and ontologies. Creative thought potential users. The solution to this problems are the imaginative use which means using the computer like the genii in the bottle to compress evolutionary space and time so that complexity and emergent architectural forms are also a source of inspiration.
The virtual concreteness of the architectural project. Ideas and experimentations for a digital archive of the Italian Masters work of the 20th century
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Albisinni, Piero; Carlo, Laura De; Kantas, Prokopios; Mancini, Matteo Flavio; Moscarelli, Alessia; Mulla, Erald; -
We propose to illustrate a methodological approach aimed to establish a "Digital archive of the Italian Masters work in the second half of the 20th century". To this end, we consider the architectural project from its graphic layout as a cultural heritage. Being as part of the field of new representational forms investigation, this work aims at designing, analyzing and communicating architecture. Thanks to its wide professional relapses, its prefiguration of architectural projects and its diffusion through different media, this is a highly developed research area (also at an international level). This is due to continuous development and usage of informatics technologies also in the architectural representation field. New forms of multimedia communication allow using image in all of its forms, from movement to "real-time" visualization, to the so-called "augmented reality" so we overcome the text and image dichotomy using the iconic processing as a critical-interpretative instrument. Computer modeling techniques, used for the project communication at different scales, are particularly suited for the analysis of architecture especially the not-built-ones. They allow the reconstruction of the design process which lead to the spatial, morphological, functional configuration. Italian architects of the second half of last century, represented the national vanguard of contemporary architectural culture through their works. Going over the evolution of their design experimentations we need to involve both the institutional structures delegated to project materials storage, and those responsible for the valorization and dissemination of the architectural culture in Italy.
Temporal Terrestrial Laser Scanning to Visualize the Archaeological Excavation Process
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Srour, David; Richter, Ashley; Levy, Thomas; Kuester, Falko; -
Archaeology is a destructive science. Photographs and videos preserve some aspects of the sequence of events inherent within the archaeological excavation process, but cannot replicate the spatiality and detail of the downward progression of the digging entailed through excavation. Time lapse sequences of properly adapted and employed terrestrial laser scanning to create a temporal sequence of point clouds of the archaeological methodologies can, however, serve as an innovative step towards accurate documentation of crucial data for future archaeologists interested in the site. Over the course of the National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship funded Sediment Intervals and Site Deformation Processes: Exploring Time Lapse Laser Scanning Capabilities and Methodologies for Archaeology, temporal scanning was tested on the beaches of San Diego to establish a baseline capability for data capture. Subsequently, the methodologies for data collection were utilized as a part of the excavation workflow at the University of California, San Diego's Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeological Project's excavation of a Roman era section of tell Khirbat Faynan in southern Jordan. With the data collected from the excavation as the impetus for new system development, original visualization processing designed with the archaeological problems and end-goals in mind is being created at the University of California, San Diego Center of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture, and Archaeology in order to meaningful display the shifting data sets in real time and exhibit not just the archaeological data, but the archaeological process.
Quick textured mesh generation for massive 3D digitization of museum artifacts
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Gonizzi, Sara; Micoli, Laura L.; Guidi, Gabriele; -
The goal of the "3D Icons" European Project, is to provide Europeana with accurate 3D models of Cultural Heritage artifacts. The purpose of this paper is to describe the specific optimized processing pipeline that has been set-up for digitizing a significant part of the Civic Archaeological Museum in Milan (Italy). Many technical and logistic issues for capturing 3D models in a Museum environment are addressed. In such framework the main problem is generating a good result by the technical point of view, minimizing the impact on the usual Museum activity during 3D capture operations, while shortening the processing time to the minimal allowed by the different applicable techniques. This condition led to precise choices related to the 3D acquisition techniques to be used (SfM), and the related data processing. This paper illustrates the aforementioned systematic aspects through three practical examples, showing good practices for image capturing and some 3D processing optimizations that allowed to speed the 3D models production at a level compliant to the final goal of more than 500 models in 36 months.
Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology in the characterisation of construction materials in exceptional buildings: first results.
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Ureña, María Jesús Aguilera; Larriva, José Emilio Meroño de; Ballesteros, Andrés Ortega; Moreno, Alberto Jesús Perea; Neira, Julia Barrios; -
This work discusses the use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis with the object of studying the degree of degradation of stone material and other elements in cultural heritage monuments, as an alternative to traditional laboratory methods, with the advantage of being a fast non-destructive process that requires little or no sample preparation, thereby reducing the amount of time required and the expense. NIRS is a spectroscopic method which uses the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 800 nm to 2500 nm). The technique can help to identify a chemical component starting from their different Near IR absorption spectrum. It has been widely applied over the last forty years in food and agricultural science and in many other fields such as pharmatheutics, medicine, forestry and petrochemical. However, it has rarely been applied with the purpose mentioned in this paper. The study was conducted on the Church of "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas", situated in the historical centre of the city of Cordoba (Spain). This paper presents the first stage of the research. Samples taken in situ are analyzed by a NIR spectrometer in laboratory. The object is to obtain models for the quantification of majority components of stone material (calcium and quartz) as well as indexes of alteration, from NIR response of the samples. After this, it will be necessary to study if these models would have a correct behaviour being applied with data taken in situ, with a portable NIR. The results obtained prove that this technique can be efficiently applied saving both time and money.
Surface Light Field from Video Acquired in Uncontrolled Settings
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Palma, Gianpaolo; Desogus, Nicola; Cignoni, Paolo; Scopigno, Roberto; -
This paper presents an algorithm for the estimation of the Surface Light Field using video sequences acquired moving the camera around the object. Unlike other state of the art methods, it does not require a uniform sampling density of the view directions, but it is able to build an approximation of the Surface Light Field starting from a biased video acquisition: dense along the camera path and completely missing in the other directions. The main idea is to separate the estimation of two components: the diffuse color, computed using statistical operations that allow the estimation of a rough approximation of the direction of the main light sources in the acquisition environment; the other residual Surface Light Field effects, modeled as linear combination of spherical functions. From qualitative and numerical evaluations, the final rendering results show a high fidelity and similarity with the input video frames, without ringing and banding effects.
Feature-based automatic 3D registration for cultural heritage applications
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Tombari, Federico; Remondino, Fabio; -
This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art techniques in the field of 3D invariant features for the automatic registration of point clouds and 3D meshes. The paper proposes also a multi-stage 3D registration pipeline implemented using the PCL libraries. Experiments are carried out on datasets related to heritage scenarios and addressing large-scale outdoor data acquisitions as well as small objects.
Orthophoto mapping and digital surface modeling for archaeological excavations. An image-based 3D modeling approach
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Reu, Jeroen De; Clercq, Wim De; Laloo, Pieter; -
We have examined image-based 3D modeling for the generation of orthophotos and digital surface models of archaeological surfaces and features. Our results suggest that image-based 3D modeling can be both a time-efficient and cost-effective as well as a scientific valuable method to document archaeological excavations. Although there are limitations, these are greatly surpassed by the possibilities. We believe that image-based 3D modeling can cause a(n) (r)evolution in archaeological excavation practice.
An Interactive Visualization of the Past using a Situated Simulation Approach
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Madsen, Jacob B.; Madsen, Claus B.; -
This paper describes aspects of the development of an interactive installation for visualizing a 3D reconstruction of a historical church chapel in Kolding, Denmark. We focus on three aspects inherent to a mobile Augmented Reality development context; 1) A procedure for combating gyroscope drift on handheld devices, 2) achieving realistic lighting computation on a mobile platform at interactive frame-rates and 3) an approach to relocation within this applications situated location without position tracking. We present a solution to each of these three aspects. The development is targeted a specific application, but the presented solutions should be relevant to researchers and developers facing similar issues in other contexts. We furthermore present initial findings from everyday usage by visitors at the museum, and explore how these findings can be useful in connection with novel technology for facilitating information transfer to a museum audience. The installation is in active commercial use and is currently logging further user interactions via in-application logging for future investigations in line with this project.
Home, sense of place and visitors intepretation of digital cultural immersive experiences in museums.
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Schettino, Patrizia; -
What is the relationship between the visitor's hybrid identity and his/her interpretation process? How can his/her relationship with one or more places affect the understanding of a real place, a virtual place, or a digital representation of a real place through augmented panoramas? This paper will answer these two research questions, interpreting the patterns emerging from data collected about visitors' experiences in the immersive environment PLACE-Hampi, designed by Sarah Kenderdine and Jeffrey Shaw. The paper is based on a method which the author calls ''embodied constructivist GTM digital ethnography in situ''.
Portrait Sculptures of Augustus: Categorization via Local Shape Comparison
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Lu, Min; Zhang, Yujin; Zheng, Bo; Masuda, Takeshi; Ono, Shintaro; Oishi, Takeshi; Sengoku-Haga, Kyoko; Ikeuchi, Katsushi; -
3D shape comparison with digital copies draws increasing attention in modern culture heritage studies. In this paper, we focus on analyzing portrait sculptures of Augustus with 3D scanned data. A feasible framework of automatic object categorization is proposed based on shape comparison, where distinguishing regions are simultaneously detected as well. High coincidence between our result and previous archaeological speculations is observed in validation experiments, which confirms the validity of the proposed method.
A User Study of the Singapore Memory Portal to Derive a Taxonomy for Content Organization
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Srieedar, J.; Khoo, Christopher S.G.; -
Many memory institutions have set up online portals to provide public access to their heritage collections. However, little is known about how such portal interfaces should be designed and how the content should be organized to support user se arching, browsing and learning. Many online cultural heritage portals adopt an organization scheme that is either content-oriented or institution-oriented rather than one that is user-oriented. This paper reports an initial user study of a cultural heritage portal called Singapore Memory Portal that was set up in Singapore to collect people's memories related to the history, culture, society, life and landscape of Singapore's past. The study sought to find out users' expectations of the content of the portal, how they search and browse the portal, and what they learn about particular historical or cultural topics from reading postings in the portal. The goal is to derive a taxonomy to organize the portals' content for browsing and learning. For this initial study, 12 Singapore citizens were interviewed, and asked to perform two search tasks on the portal and describe what they had learnt from the memory postings.
Multi-scalar 3D digitization of Cultural Heritage using a low-cost integrated approach
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Manferdini, Anna Maria; Russo, Michele; -
In the architectural survey field, one of the main aspects to consider during a 3D digitization is the multi-scalar geometrical complexity of the artifact to acquire, besides other fundamental factors connected with the different aims of communication. Since the widespread of range-sensors has provided extremely versatile instruments able to easily acquire huge amount of data that can be processed for different uses and users and changing communication aims, the possibility to survey and restore high-quality 3D multi-resolution models has become an urgent need. Despite these developments, these technologies are still very expensive, need expertise and present persistent bottlenecks both in the reverse modeling process and in time consuming. In order to overcome these critical aspects and taking advantage of recent improvements of automated image-based technologies based on the Structure from Motion approach, this contribution presents some first results of investigations on the reliability of these low-cost technologies for the 3D digitization of Cultural Heritage. One of the main aims of these investigations rely on developing a procedure that could ease the work of surveyors called to represent artifacts at an architectural scale using fast and low-cost technologies. 3D models derived using the selected low-cost image-based technologies were compared among each other and with a 3D laser scanner gold standard acquisition. These investigations led to qualitative and quantitative evaluations and to considerations on times and skills required by all tested technologies. Strengths and weaknesses are highlighted, suggesting the best solution with respect to the optimization of all considered aspects. Finally, integration of different technologies are presented, as it represents the best solution in multi-scalar contexts.
Investigating a multi-paradigm system for the management of archaeological data: Corpus Lapidum Burgundiae
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Leclercq, Eric; Savonnet, Marinette; Troya, Andres; Buttner, Stephane; -
Scientific Information Systems (SIS) must move beyond data repositories and closed systems, to allow collaborations among different research disciplines, to include new types of data, to control data quality, and to enable semantic interoperability. Archaeological data include textual information, measures, sketches, photographies, 3D models, and a vast amount of links between data and historical information sources. We develop a formal model for ontology-based annotations that conforms to a semi-ring algebraic structure and we define a subset of algebraic operators to query annotations. We show how our approach is instantiated in a collaborative Web platform for the Burgundy Stone project.
Laser-Scanned Tree Stem Filtering for Forest Inventories Measurements
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Ravaglia, Joris; Bac, Alexandra; Piboule, Alexandre; -
With specific flora and fauna, regional landscapes and forests constitute an important part of the cultural heritage. Several natural environments have already been classified as national or regional parks. The UNESCO World Heritage covers 13% of the protected forests in the world. Thus, preserving those sites represents a crucial issue. Such a safeguarding involves a detailed knowledge of the sites and forestry management plans. The management of a natural forest is traditionally based on forest plot inventories in which several features of the trees are measured. The set of data collected during these inventories represents the starting point of forest monitoring, flora preservation and risks prevention. Traditionally, measurements are made manually by operators. However, during the last decade, terrestrial laser scanning has become a new and promising way of measuring such attributes. This instrument provides a fine three dimensional point cloud virtual representation of the scanned scene. Trees location, stem diameter, and stem taper can be extracted from these point clouds using pattern recognition algorithms. In this paper we present a novel two steps way to improve the quality of tree branching detection in a three dimensional point cloud acquired by terrestrial laser scanner. This method was developped in order to enhance the results of a previous study. Our approach is based on the combination of a simplification step (using particle simulation), followed by a shape detection (discrete arcs of circle detection). It identifies the lack of accuracy in tree stem diameter measurements at branching junctions for further more detailled analysis.
Underwater photogrammetry for archaeology and marine biology.40 years of experience in Marseille, France
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Drap, Pierre; Merad, Djamel; Seinturier, Julien; Mahiddine, Amine; Peloso, Daniela; Boi, Jean-Marc; Long, Luc; Garrabou, Joaquim; -
Since 1973 archeology and computer science have developed close ties in Marseille. Two departments (computer science and archaeology) from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Marseille started working together and laid the cornerstone of the Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) community. Marseille also has the advantage of being located in a very interesting place on the Mediterranean Sea and being the home to several famous laboratories, such as the French Cultural Heritage Department (DRASSM) or private companies like COMEX. In 1980 they performed a series of explorations of a deep-sea wreck with the help of COMEX and DRASSM. More recently, ten years ago, the Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille (COM) started using underwater photogrammetry to survey and monitor red coral populations in situ. In this paper we present new advances in underwater photogrammetry for archaeology and marine biology based on forty years of experience. The survey described in this article does not only discuss the acquisition of 3D points in difficult conditions but also linking archaeological knowledge to the surveyed geometry. This approach needed to combine automatic data processing and offered the opportunity to experts, archaeologists or biologists, to insert knowledge in the process. After an introduction to the history of computer science and archaeology, we will present related work in underwater archaeology and marine biology. The last section is dedicated to two recent experiments in Marseille, based on recent developments in automatic photogrammetry: a World War II plane wreck, surveyed using both acoustic and optical sensors, and a survey used to monitor red coral growth over several years.
The patrimonialization process of advertising : from scorn and mistrust to documentary heritage, archive, and history
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Armand, Cécile; -
This short essay aims at tracing the patrimonialization process of advertising from the 19th century to nowadays. The process followed third steps. First, advertising evolved from a despised object to a valuable cultural artifact. Considered as useless or deceitful in first place, advertising has gradually managed to gain legitimacy as a useful and even necessary tool for both companies that want to sell their products and for consumers in search of information, and finally as a cultural artifact and a work of art worthy of being collected or entering museums or exhibitions (from French poster designers such as Jules Chéret or Toulouse-Lautrec to the creative revolution in the 1960s or the more recent exhibitions Goudemalion at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 2012). This process of recognition is mainly due to the efforts made by advertisers who participate in the profesionalization process of their activities at the time. The second and more recent step, from a cultural object to an archive, raises such sensible issues as collecting and preserving advertisements; digitization (digitized/digital-born ads; methods and tools); metadata and semantic. As a specific archive, torn between abundance and scarcity or unequal quality of data, it requires a specific literacy from archivists who need to be trained for that purpose. The case of Duke University will serve to illustrate these questions. The last step from an available archive to a historical material also requires a special literacy for historians to build databases and corpora, to identify and select the accurate documents, to choose the appropriate methodology and tools to examine and interpret this specific material. Finally, the question of whether and how to use advertising as a material to imagine new forms of historical narratives (visual or digital narratives, vi- tual exhibits) will be explored. Last but not least, we will examine the transformation of ads in the last decade through digital approaches, the impact of digitization on copyright and on the preservation and study of advertising.
High performance hybrid FEM/DEM simulation tool for numerical analysis of historical structures
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Bagnéris, Marine; Dubois, Frédéric; Jean, Michel; Martin, Alexandre; Taforel, Paul; Visseq, Vincent; -
The current paper aims at presenting the various aspects of a modeling and simulation framework dedicated to the study of historical structures considered as complex mechanical systems with interactions (contact, friction, cohesion, etc) and multi-physics couplings (thermal effects, diffusion, etc). Based on the proposed framework a simulation tool has been developed, with a complete strategy (pre-processing, simulation, post-processing), making possible to deal efficiently with the numerical modeling of those structures; it is available as an open-source software: LMGC90 [4].
Tutbury Castle : Recovering a period site
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Inman, Laurence; Morris, Phil; -
This paper proposes a method for virtual reconstruction of a ruin in three dimensions, using a number of sources. The case study that accompanies this paper shows an example of the virtual restoration of Tutbury castle in Staffordshire UK which aims to represent it as accurately as possible following previous studies on the history of the castle and archaeological digs. Autodesk Maya is used to assemble the reconstruction of the castle and try out theories where more ambiguous sources replace primary evidence, this is then rendered in Epic's UDK game engine, then displayed in a video fly-through as well as a format suitable for viewing on a website. The project successfully recreates Tutbury Castle's past architecture more accurately than previous representations using ambiguous sources including period paintings, period floor plans, archeological and topological as well as written first hand description as evidence. This could easily be repeated on other ruins with the same successful results, creating a visual documentary of the country's heritage. Using evidence from a number of sources Using 3D games technology to bring evidence together in a realistic, efficient and controllable manner.
Monitoring and conservation of archaeological wooden elements from ship wrecks using 3D digital imaging
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Bandiera, Adriana; Alfonso, Cristiano; Auriemma, Rita; Bartolo, Maurizio Di; -
In marine archaeology, many artifacts made of metallic or organic material are found in different state of conservation depending of the environment in which they are discovered. Once brought to the surface for study or display purposes, the artifacts need to be treated properly otherwise they deteriorate in a short lapse of time. The fragility of organic artifacts and the volumetric variation caused by the marine life on or surrounding them and water lead to the need for measuring the physical dimensions soon after an artifact is extracted from the sea. In an ideal context, it would be appropriate to preserve and restore the archaeological elements rapidly and with the latest methods but due to the large number of artifacts, the cost of complete restoration activities becomes prohibitive for the funding available in public institutions. For this reason, many public laboratories are resorting to digital technologies for documentation, restoration, display and conservation. In this paper, we illustrate the experience of the University of Salento in this area of archaeology using 3D imaging technology. The interest sprang from the need to develop a protocol for documentation and digital restoration of archaeological finds discovered along the coast of Torre S. Sabina (BR) Italy.

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